Advances in Bivalent Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Vaccine Development

Abstract

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), caused by hantaviruses of the Orthohantavirus genus, is a zoonotic disease with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in Asia and Europe. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for HFRS prevention. This review summarizes recent advances in bivalent HFRS vaccine development, focusing on improved immunogenicity, safety, and manufacturing technologies. We discuss the evolution of vaccine platforms, including inactivated, recombinant, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, as well as emerging strategies such as mRNA and nanoparticle-based approaches. Challenges in global vaccine accessibility and future directions for HFRS vaccine research are also highlighted.