Advancements in HIV Diagnosis Using Urine: A Review of Virological Characteristics, Detection Technologies, and Clinical Applications

Abstract

Early diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection are crucial for disease management and control. Urine, as a non-invasive and easily collected sample type, offers unique benefits in the field of HIV diagnosis. In recent years, research on using urine to screen for HIV has gradually increased, covering the dynamic characteristics of the virus in urine, relevant virological studies, and detection technologies for HIV-related biomarkers in urine. Additionally, the application of urine in screening for co-infections (such as tuberculosis, CMV, HPV) has attracted widespread attention. This article reviews the promising potential of urine testing in monitoring treatment adherence and organ transplantation, analyzing the sensitivity, specificity, and application prospects of urine HIV testing in different populations by integrating the latest molecular diagnostic technologies and clinical research findings. It also discusses the current challenges and future directions, providing new ideas and methods for the early diagnosis of HIV and promoting the progress of related medical research.